Introduction
This work was created as part of the University Libraries’ Open Educational Resources Initiative at the University of Missouri–St. Louis.
The contents of this work have been adapted from the following Open Access Resources:
An Introduction to Psychological Statistics (https://irl.umsl.edu/oer/4/). Garett C. Foster, University of Missouri–St. Louis.
Online Statistics Education: A Multimedia Course of Study (http://onlinestatbook.com/). Project Leader: David M. Lane, Rice University.
Changes to the original works were made by Dr. Susan Miller, Christina Timmons, M.A.
Additional changes to the original work were made by Dr. Linda R. Cote, Professor of Psychology, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia; Dr. Rupa G. Gordon, Associate Professor of Psychology, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois; Dr. Chrislyn E. Randell, Professor of Psychology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, Colorado; Judy Schmitt, Reference Librarian, University of Missouri–St. Louis; and Helena Marvin, Reference Librarian, University of Missouri–St. Louis. Materials from the original sources have been combined, reorganized, and added to by the current authors, and any conceptual, mathematical, or typographical errors are the responsibility of the current authors.
Cover image: “Celebrate law Day” is licensed under the free content license by Canva CC BY 4.0.
Cover image public domain license under free content license by XX
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Welcome to Statistics!
Statistics play a crucial role in sociology by providing empirical evidence to understand patterns in human behavior, social structures, and inequalities. Sociologists use statistical methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data on income disparity, education access, crime rates, and public health. By identifying trends and relationships within society, statistics help researchers move beyond anecdotal observations to develop theories and policies that address systemic issues.
In the study of social justice, statistics serve as a powerful tool to measure and expose inequalities related to race, gender, class, and other social factors. For example, data on wage gaps, incarceration rates, or housing discrimination can reveal disparities that might otherwise remain unnoticed. Activists and policymakers rely on statistical findings to advocate for change, support legislation, and design programs that promote equity. Without statistical analysis, social justice efforts would lack the foundation to drive informed decision-making and meaningful reform.
Students in the social and behavioral sciences often find statistics courses to be different from their other classes. Unlike theory-based courses that emphasize qualitative analysis and critical discussions, statistics requires a shift in thinking toward numerical reasoning, probability, and data interpretation. While this shift can feel challenging, it is also an opportunity to develop a new skill set that is highly valuable in understanding social patterns and behaviors.
One of the key differences in studying statistics is the need to learn a specialized vocabulary—similar to learning a new language. Terms like “variance,” “correlation,” and “standard deviation” may seem abstract at first, but they provide the foundation for analyzing data and drawing meaningful conclusions about the social world. Developing fluency in statistical language will enhance your ability to critically engage with research and apply quantitative reasoning in your field.
Additionally, mastering statistics requires active engagement. Unlike some courses where reading and discussion alone may suffice, statistics is best learned by doing. Regular practice—whether through homework problems, in-class exercises, or research applications—strengthens comprehension and builds confidence. Engaging with data, running analyses, and interpreting results will make the concepts more concrete and applicable to real-world social issues.
Finally, seeking support is crucial. Statistical concepts can sometimes be complex, and struggling in isolation can lead to frustration. In sociology, we recognize that learning is a social process—asking questions, working with peers, and utilizing instructor support can make a significant difference in your success. Remember, statistics is not just about numbers; it is a tool for understanding human behavior, social trends, and systemic patterns.
The ability to analyze and interpret data is increasingly essential in graduate studies, policy-making, and a wide range of professions. In an era where data-driven decision-making shapes everything from public policy to social justice initiatives, statistical literacy is an empowering skill. The methods covered in this textbook are among the most commonly used in social research, and by the end of this course, you will be equipped to engage with quantitative findings rather than bypassing them.
We have heard from many students who were initially apprehensive about statistics but ultimately found it both engaging and rewarding. We hope that you will approach this course with curiosity and an open mind, recognizing that statistical analysis is not just about numbers—it is about uncovering meaningful insights that can shape our understanding of the social world.
Susan Miller Ph.D.
Revised: 2025
