Contents
Chapter Two: Muhammad and Islam, c. 570-632
Chapter Three: The Arab Conquest and the Establishment of the Caliphate, 632- 809
Chapter Four: Religious, Social, and Intellectual Changes, 632-1258
Chapter Five: The Decline of the Arab Empire, 809-1300
Chapter Six: The Gunpowder Empires, 1300-1566
Chapter Seven: Ottoman Crisis and Adaptation, 1566-1768
Chapter Eight: Western Intrusions, Eastern Responses, 1768-1878
Chapter Nine: The Twilight of the Ottoman Empire, 1878-1916
Chapter Ten: “A Peace to End All Peace,” 1916-1922
Chapter Eleven: The Independent States, 1923-1948
Chapter Twelve: The Middle East Under European Control, 1923-1948
Chapter Thirteen, The Establishment of Israel, 1918-1948
Chapter Fourteen: The Age of Nasser, 1949-1967
Chapter Fifteen: Arabia, Türkiye, and Iran, 1949-1979
Chapter Sixteen: The Middle East After Nasser, 1967-1979
Chapter Seventeen: Transition and Stalemate, 1980-1990
Chapter Eighteen: The Gulf War and Its Legacy, 1990-2001
