Additional Reading

Diana Abouali, “Saladin’s Legacy in the Middle East before the Nineteenth Century,” Crusades 10 (2011): 175–89.

Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

Ervand Abrahamian, The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.- Iranian Relations, Reprint edition (The New Press, 2013).

Maan Abu Nowar, The Development of Trans-Jordan 1929-1939: A History of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2006).

Rouben P. Adalian, “The Armenian Genocide,” in Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, ed. Samuel Totten and William Spencer Parsons, Fourth Edition (New York: Routledge, 2013).

Gábor Ágoston, Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

Gábor Ágoston, “Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450-1800,” Journal of World History 25, no. 1 (March 2014).

Kourosh Ahmadi, Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf: The Abu Musa and Tunbs in Strategic Context (New York: Routledge, 2008).

Taner Akçam, The Young Turks’ Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).

Mustafa Aksakal, The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Mustafa Aksakal, “The Ottoman Empire,” in Empires at War: 1911-1923, ed. Robert Gerwarth and Erez Manela (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

Virginia H. Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870 (Harlow, England: Routledge, 2007).

Yoav Alon, The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007).

Abbas Amanat, Iran: A Modern History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017).

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of

Nationalism, Revised edition (London: Verso, 2006).

Scott Anderson, Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Anchor, 2013).

Kofi Annan and Nader Mousavizadeh, Interventions: A Life in War and Peace (Penguin Books, 2013).

Ali Ansari, Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After (New York: Longman, 2003).

Tamim Ansary, Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes (New York, NY: PublicAffairs, 2009).

Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (New York: Modern Library, 2002).

Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time (New York: HarperOne, 2006).

Thomas Asbridge, The First Crusade: A New History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (New York: Ecco, 2010).

Reza Aslan, No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam, Updated Edition (Random House, 2011).

Michael Axworthy, Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).

Michael Axworthy, A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind, Second Edition (New York: Basic Books, 2016).

Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992).

Andrew J. Bacevich, America’s War for the Greater Middle East: A Military History (New York: Random House, 2016).

Ahmad Al-Baladhuri, “The Battle of The Yarmuk (636) and After,” accessed October 23, 2019, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/yarmuk.asp

“The Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917,” accessed May 29, 2020, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/balfour.asp.

James Barr, A Line in the Sand: The Anglo-French Struggle for the Middle East, 1914-1948 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011).

Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, “The United States and Israel since 1948: A ‘Special Relationship’?,” Diplomatic History 22, no. 2 (1998).

Mark Bartusis, The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992).

Osman Aziz Basan, The Great Seljuqs: A History (Routledge, 2010).

Warren Bass, Support Any Friend: Kennedy’s Middle East and the Making of the U.S.-Israel Alliance (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Daniel G. Bates and Amal Rassam, Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, 2nd edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000).

Jean Batou, “Muhammad-’Ali’s Egypt. A Command Economy in the Nineteenth Century?,” in Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870, ed. Jean Batou (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1991).

Peter Beaumont, Gerald H. Blake, and J. Malcom Wagstaff, The Middle East: A Geographical Study (New York: Wiley, 1988)

Tim Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: The Five Revolutions That Made Modern Europe: 1648-1815 (London: Penguin Books, 2008).

Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).

Selma Botman, “The Liberal Age,” in The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume 2, Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Rachel Bronson, Thicker Than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Jonathan A. C. Brown, Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Robert Browning, The Byzantine Empire (Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 1992), 114–17

Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975).

Marie-Janine Calic, The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe, trans. Elizabeth Janik (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019).

Christopher Catherwood, Churchill’s Folly: How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq (New York: Basic Books, 2005).

Paul T. Chamberlin, The Global Offensive: The United States, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the Making of the Post-Cold War Order, Reprint edition (Oxford University Press, 2012).

“Churchill White Paper – UK Secretary of State for the Colonies (3 June 1922),”accessed October 2, 2020, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/F2CA0EE62B5680ED852570C000591BE B.

James F. Clarity Special to The New York Times, “Shah’s Iran: Moving Unevenly Toward a Persian Renaissance,” The New York Times, December 12, 1974, sec. Archives.

Paul M. Cobb, The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

Juan Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East, First edition (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).

Juan Cole, Muhammad: Prophet of Peace Amid the Clash of Empires (New York: Nation Books, 2018).

Steven A. Cook, The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square, Reprint edition (Oxford University Press, 2011).

Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, 1st Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987).

Ahmad Dallal, Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010).

M W Daly, “The British Occupation, 1882-1922,” in The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume 2, Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, ed. M. W. Daly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Linda T. Darling, A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice From Mesopotamia to Globalization (New York: Routledge, 2013).

Christopher De Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason, 1798 to Modern Times (Liveright, 2018).

Toby Dodge, Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation-Building and a History Denied (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).

Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).

Fred Donner, Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012).

Tim Dyson and Valeria Cetorelli, “Changing Views on Child Mortality and Economic Sanctions in Iraq: A History of Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics,” BMJ Global Health 2, no. 2 (2017).

E. Edson and E. Savage-Smith, Medieval Views of the Cosmos (Oxford: Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, 2004).

Dwight Eisenhower, “The Eisenhower Doctrine, January 5, 1957,” accessed March 28, 2022, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1957eisenhowerdoctrine.asp.

Amina Elbendary, Crowds and Sultans: Urban Protest in Late Medieval Egypt and Syria (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2015).

John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

John L. Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path, Fourth Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Richard J. Evans, The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815-1914 (New York, New York: Penguin Books, 2016).

Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Khaled Fahmy, “The Era of Muhammad ’Ali Pasha,” in The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume 2, Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, ed. M.W. Daly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Ahmad Feroz, The Making of Modern Turkey (New York: Routledge, 1993).

D. K. Fieldhouse, Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Carter V. Findley, Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010).

Caroline Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Basic Books, 2005).

Robert Fisk, The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (New York: Vintage, 2005).

David F Forte, “Islamic Law: The Impact of Joseph Schacht,” Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 1 (1978).

David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (New York: Avon Books, 1989).

Peter Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East, Reprint edition (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012).

Peter Frankopan, The Silk Roads: A New History of the World (New York: Knopf, 2015).

Steven Z. Freiberger, Dawn Over Suez: The Rise of American Power in the Middle East, 1953-1957 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992).

Fulcher of Chartres, “The Capture of Jerusalem,” accessed January 17, 2020, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/fulcher-cde.asp.

Gene R. Garthwaite, The Persians (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).

Mark Gasiorowski, “US Foreign Relations Toward Iran During the Mussadiq Era,” in The Military and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder: Westview Press, 2007).

James L. Gelvin, The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

Fawaz A. Gerges, “The Transformation of Arab Politics: Disentangling Myth from Reality,” in The 1967 Arab Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, ed. WilliamRoger

Louis and Avi Shlaim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

Fawaz A. Gerges, The Rise and Fall of Al-Qaeda (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

Fawaz A. Gerges, Making the Arab World: Nasser, Qutb, and the Clash That Shaped the Middle East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018).

Kim Ghattas, Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2020).

Jayne Gifford, Britain in Egypt: Egyptian Nationalism and Imperial Strategy, 1919- 1931 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2020).

Arthur Goldschmidt Jr., Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation State (New York: Routledge, 2004).

Arthur Goldschmidt, A Brief History of Egypt (New York: Checkmark Books, 2008).

Erik Goldstein, The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919-1925: From Versailles to Locarno, 1919-25 (Routledge, 2013).

Jason Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1998).

Matthew S. Gordon, The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000).

Dominic Green, Three Empires on the Nile: The Victorian Jihad, 1869-1899 (New York: Free Press, 2007)

Mark Greengrass, Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517-1648 (New York: Penguin, 2015), 505–6.

Dimitri Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ’Abbasaid Society (New York: Routledge, 1998).

Peter L. Hahn, Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy toward the Arab- Israeli Conflict, 1945-1961 (The University of North Carolina Press, 2004).

Peter L. Hahn, Crisis and Crossfire: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Washington, D.C: Potomac Books Inc., 2005).

Peter L. Hahn, Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).

M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).

M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011).

Kyle Harper, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017).

William Harris, Lebanon: A History, 600 – 2011 (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2012).

Hosny Hasanean and Mansour Almazroui, “Rainfall: Features and Variations over Saudi Arabia, A Review,” Climate 3, no. 3 (September 2015): 578–626, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3030578.

Jane Hathaway, “The Ottomans and the Yemeni Coffee Trade,” Oriente Moderno 25 (86), no. 1 (2006).

Jane Hathaway, The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800 (New York: Routledge, 2013).

Gerald R. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750, 2nd Edition (New York: Routledge, 2000).

George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776, 1 edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999).

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1974).

Tom Holland, In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire (New York: Doubleday, 2012).

Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002).

Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading for the Holy Land (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

Douglas A. Howard, The History of Turkey (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2001).

Douglas A. Howard, “Genre and Myth in the Ottoman Advice for Kings Literature,” in The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, ed. Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel

Goffman (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Douglas A. Howard, A History of the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).

Robert G. Hoyland, Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam (New York: Routledge, 2001).

Robert G. Hoyland, In God’s Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).

E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).

F. Robert Hunter, “Egypt Under Muhammad ’Ali’s Successors,” in The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume 2, Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, ed. M. W. Daly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

F. Robert Hunter, Egypt Under the Khedives: 1805-1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy (Cairo: American Univ in Cairo Press, 1999).

Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?,” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1996): 22–49.

Steven Hurst, The United States and Iraq since 1979: Hegemony, Oil and War (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009).

Colin Imber, “The Legend of Osman Gazi,” in The Ottoman Emirate: (1300-1389), ed. Elizabeth A. Zachariadou (Heraklion, Greece: Crete University Press, 1993).

Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power, Second edition (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).

Edward Ingram, “Great Britain’s Great Game: An Introduction,” The International History Review 2, no. 2 (1980).

Laura James, “Egypt: Dangerous Illusions,” in The 1967 Arab Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, ed. William Roger Louis and Avi Shlaim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

William Chester Jordan, Europe in the High Middle Ages (London: Penguin Books, 2002).

Andrew Jotischky, Crusading and the Crusader States (New York: Pearson Longman, 2004).

Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York: Penguin Books, 2005).

Nikki Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006).

Nikki R. Keddie, Women in the Middle East: Past and Present (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).

John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage, 1998).

Hugh Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Second Edition (New York: Routledge, 2004).

Hugh Kennedy, When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004).

Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In (New York: Da Capo Press, 2007).

Hugh Kennedy, Caliphate: The History of an Idea (New York: Basic Books, 2016).

Malcolm Kerr, The Arab Cold War: Gamal ’Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958-1970, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).

Ian Kershaw, To Hell and Back: Europe 1914-1949 (New York: Penguin Books, 2015).

Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).

Rashid Khalidi, “The Palestinians and 1948: The Underlying Cause of Failure,” in The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948, ed. Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Rashid Khalidi, Resurrecting Empire: Western Footprints and America’s Perilous Path in the Middle East, Reprint edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005).

Rashid Khalidi, The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood, Reprint Edition (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006).

Rashid Khalidi, Sowing Crisis: The Cold War and American Dominance in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon Press, 2010).

Rashid Khalidi, Brokers of Deceit: How the U.S. Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013).

Rashid Khalidi, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017 (New York: Metropolitan Books , 2020).

Sayed Khatab, Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa’ida’s Political Tactics (Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2011).

Lord Kinross, Ottoman Centuries (New York: Harper Perennial, 1977).

Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York: Wiley, 2003).

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Clayton R. Koppes, “Captain Mahan, General Gordon, and the Origins of the Term ‘Middle East,’” Middle Eastern Studies 12, no. 1 (1976): 95–98.

David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999).

Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel (New York: Schocken, 2003).

Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War, First Edition (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007).

“Letters between Hussein Ibn Ali and Sir Henry McMahon,” accessed May 26, 2020, https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Letters_between_Hussein_Ibn_Ali_and_Sir_Henry_Mc mahon

Zach Levey, “The United States’ Skyhawk Sale to Israel, 1966: Strategic Exigencies of an Arms Deal,” Diplomatic History 28, no. 2 (April 2004).

Bernard Lewis, “Some Reflections on the Decline of the Ottoman Empire,” Studia Islamica, no. 9 (1958): 111–27.

Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961).

Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years (New York: Scribner, 1995).

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Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945, Third Edition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008).

Douglas Little, Us versus Them: The United States, Radical Islam, and the Rise of the Green Threat (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016).

William Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).

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Ussama Makdisi, Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820- 2001 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2010).

Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

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Phebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, Second Edition (Boulder: Routledge, 2004).

Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945, Updated Edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).

John McHugo, Syria: A History of the Last Hundred Years (New York: The New Press, 2014).

Sean McMeekin, The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923 (New York: Penguin Books, 2015).

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Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

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Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

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Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987).

Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2008).

Philip Robins, A History of Jordan, Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).

Walker Robins, Between Dixie and Zion: Southern Baptists and Palestine before Israel (Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2020).

Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History – Revised and Updated Edition (New York: Basic Books, 2012).

Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, Reprint edition (Basic Books, 2015).

Eugene L. Rogan, “The Emergence of the Middle East in the Modern State System,” in International Relations of the Middle East, 4th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016).

William Rosen, Justinian’s Flea: The First Great Plague and the End of the Roman Empire (New York: Penguin Books, 2007).

Alain Roussillon, “Republican Egypt Interpreted: Revolution and Beyond,” in The Cambridge History of Egypt. Volume 2, Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, ed. M. W. Daly, 1st ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1998).Barry

Rubin, Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).

Richard E. Rubenstein, Aristotle’s Children: How Christians, Muslims, and Jews Rediscovered Ancient Wisdom and Illuminated the Dark Ages, First Edition (Orlando: Harcourt, 2003).

Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).

Halil Sahillioglu, “Sivis Year Crises in the Ottoman Empire,” in Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East: From the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, ed. M.A. Cook (New York: Routledge, 1970).

Edward W. Said, “Afterword: The Consequence of 1948,” in The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948, ed. Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Jeremy Salt, The Unmaking of the Middle East: A History of Western Disorder in Arab Lands (University of California Press, 2008).

Daniel Sargent, A Superpower Transformed: The Remaking of American Foreign Relations in the 1970s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

Roger Savory, Iran Under the Safavids (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Joseph Schacht, “A Revaluation of Islamic Traditions,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1949).

Kirsten E. Schulze, The Arab-Israeli Conflict (New York: Pearson, 2008).

Patrick Seale, Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

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