
{"id":70,"date":"2023-12-06T22:38:02","date_gmt":"2023-12-06T22:38:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/chapter\/chapter-8-leads\/"},"modified":"2024-09-30T15:05:38","modified_gmt":"2024-09-30T15:05:38","slug":"chapter-8-leads","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/chapter\/chapter-8-leads\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 8: Leads\u00a0","rendered":"Chapter 8: Leads\u00a0"},"content":{"raw":"<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h2><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Writing Leads<\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_196\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-196\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/2328829160_8d709b3efb_o-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"A hand is holding a red and black pen with a gold tip, poised to write on a blank piece of paper.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"> The more you write, the better you write.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Once a reporter has conducted their interviews, it is time to write. <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Where to begin?\u00a0<\/span>\n<div>\n\nThe lead.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nThe <strong>lead<\/strong> or <strong>lede<\/strong>\u00a0is pronounced LEED and is the first paragraph of any news or feature story.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nConsider the lead your first-date outfit. It's designed to grab the reader\u2019s attention and give a good first impression of your story. If you do not have a good lead, you will lose the reader.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nWriting a news or feature lead is often a path into writing the entire news story. Not all journalists start with the lead, but most do. For new writers, beginning with the lead will help you develop an outline of the entire story.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nThere is a tried-and-true process for lead writing. To begin, a reporter needs to have interview transcriptions, research and documents ready. Many journalists review their notes before they begin to write and highlight any information that feels crucial to include in the story.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div>\n\nWith their notes nearby, a reporter can create an opening paragraph that puts their best information forward. A handy way to organize those thoughts is by writing out the classic five Ws and an H.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Who<\/li>\n \t<li>What<\/li>\n \t<li>When<\/li>\n \t<li>Where<\/li>\n \t<li>Why<\/li>\n \t<li>How<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In a 2015 paper titled \u201cNews Writing for Print,\" Ricky Telg and Lisa Lundy explain these letters. They write that t<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">he five Ws and H also can be the questions that a news story should answer, such as:<\/span>\n<div>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Who said or did something?<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">What was said or done? What happened?<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">When was it said or done? When did it happen?<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Where was it said or done? Where did it happen?<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Why was it said or done? Why did it happen?<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">How was it said or done? How did it happen? How does this affect me?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Telg and Lundy also write that \"what\" and \"who\" are most often used in leads.\u00a0<\/span>\n\nLet's go through an example of creating a lead using this process. Below is fictional information added to the five Ws and H form.\n<ul>\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Who: College president <\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>What: Received an award<\/li>\n \t<li>When: Yesterday<\/li>\n \t<li>Where: On campus<\/li>\n \t<li>Why: The president opted not to take a salary for an entire year while working to help get the college back to financial solvency.<\/li>\n \t<li>How: The local chamber of commerce found out about the lack of a paycheck and presented the college president with a plaque and breakfast honoring the sacrifice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Now that the information is in the format, a journalist can look at what could go in the lead. Rank the information from most newsworthy (1) to least newsworthy (6). This is a judgement call for the reporter based on the factors of newsworthiness in Chapter 4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nIn this example, the most interesting information is not the \u201cwhen\u201d or \u201cwhere.\u201d The \u201cwhat\u201d is not the most interesting, either, as awards are common. The \u201cwhy\u201d in this example is newsworthy. The college president declined a paycheck because the college was struggling financially. That should be the lead.\n\nNot all of the five Ws and H can fit in a lead. Unlike papers written in an English class, the lead needs to be short. One sentence is recommended. Two is the most you would use.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to Telg and Lundy, \u201cA good lead generally will contain at least three of the five Ws and H. However, one mistake writers sometimes make is trying to put too much in a lead. The lead should be brief, no more than 25 words.\u201d<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nUsing the information from above, let's write an effective lead by getting directly to the best part of the story. Start with a dateline.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nA <strong>dateline<\/strong> is the location where a story is happening. Not all media organizations use a dateline, but many do to inform the reader of the location. It is often capitalized.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nAccording to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ap.org\/about\/news-values-and-principles\/telling-the-story\/dateline\">The Associated Press<\/a>, \"a dateline tells the reader where we obtained the basic information for a story. A byline tells the reader who wrote the story.\u201d\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nFor most stories, the AP adds, the dateline is where the event took place. But if the story is longer or includes people from multiple locations, the dateline should be \"where the staffer covering the story is located.\u201d\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>Dateline: SAN MARCOS<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<em>Lead: The Palomar College president declined a salary for a year while working to get the college's budget problems fixed, according to the San Marcos Chamber of Commerce in an award given yesterday.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">In this example, who, what, when and why are used in the lead. But it's still a bit long. Let\u2019s edit out excess words to get it to under 25. When editing your lead, use strong, active verbs. Avoid the temptation to write it like a headline. It must be a fluid and complete sentence.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>SAN MARCOS -- Palomar College\u2019s president declined a salary for a year to fix school budget problems, according to the local chamber of commerce.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Now the lead is 21 words long and tells the reader immediately what this story is about. It also might make the reader curious about why declining a paycheck was the answer or how the budget problems began.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA lead might need to be revised several times as the story evolves. It also could change in format. There are three types of news leads and six types of feature leads to consider.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h3>Types of Leads<\/h3>\n<h4>Basic News Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA <strong>basic news lead <\/strong>is a concise and direct lead that tells the reader the most important part of the story immediately. It is one sentence and ends with attribution.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nHere's the basic news lead format -- Dateline: Most interesting and newsworthy information and time element here, according to your source.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nI coach my students that to write this lead, they should first tell me the most interesting thing about their story in one sentence. That's usually close to a basic news lead.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nThis lead helps writers avoid the natural tendency to bury the lead and leave the good information for later.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nI love to tell the story of my college roommate who came home from school and started talking about her day. Halfway through her 10-minute monologue, she said she got hit by a car while on her bike. I was barely listening, but I stopped cold and exclaimed, \u201cYou got hit by a car?\u201d\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nMy roommate only had minor cuts and bruises, and she buried the lead, hiding the key facts among less vital information. If she was using the basic news lead, she would have opened with, \u201cI got hit by a car on my way home from school today\u201d and then described the facts leading up to it, with my undivided attention, of course.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nStart with the best stuff first. Resist the urge to revert to an English format with an introductory paragraph that eases the reader into the main idea. Phillip Molnar, a writer for The San Diego Union-Tribune, wrote a basic news lead on Oct. 5, 2023.\n<div class=\"authors\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Lead: Construction has started on a 164-home project in Bonsall with Texas-sized houses.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Nut graf: The Havens will have homes starting near $1 million and up. The single-family homes range from 1,942 to 3,000 square feet and feature two-car garages and many bedrooms. Lot sizes run from 5,000 to 8,000 square feet.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Summary Lead<\/h4>\nThe second type of news lead is called a summary lead. A <strong>summary lead<\/strong> is a one- or two-sentence news lead that summarizes two to three points of a news story. These are often used by reporters covering speeches or meetings where many different news items occur. Here are two fictional examples.\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>SAN MARCOS -- The City Council voted to raise taxes, add a new park and restrict parking downtown at a meeting Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">WASHINGTON -- The President talked about his plans for fixing the borders, providing more birth control options for women, and climate change during the State of the Union address Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Both leads include main topics in general terms. The details come later in the story. Here is a s<\/span>ummary example from the San Diego Union-Tribune by Kristen Taketa in Oct. 5, 2023.\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>Lead: Since 2020 school districts across the country have weathered complaints and contentious board meetings about masks, school closures, COVID-19 vaccines and discussions of race in school.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<em>Now the latest widespread backlash to hit public schools has centered on the LGBTQ+ community, and San Diego County is no exception.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Delayed-Identification Lead<\/span><\/h4>\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The third type of news lead is called the <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">delayed-identification lead<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> It's one in which a person is described in the first paragraph, but the actual name is not introduced until later. This allows the reader to focus on what the person is doing instead of getting bogged down in the details of the name.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n\nIt's an effective lead that can be combined with other leads to make the first paragraph direct and to the point. It does not work with famous people, whose name makes them inherently newsworthy.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nFor a private citizen or low-level public officials, use an identifier in the lead and name them in the second paragraph. An identifier can be city of residence, occupation, age or gender.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>A college student was found ...<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>An Encinitas man was sued ...<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>The Poway mayor attended the \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>A 23-year-old man was killed...<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Washington Post published an article on Oct. 8, 2023 that featured a delayed-identification lead.<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\nRIO DE JANEIRO \u2014 Three orthopedic physicians were shot and killed early Thursday morning at a beachside kiosk in an upscale part of town in what authorities are calling a targeted execution that may have been politically motivated.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nRemember: If the person is well-known, avoid delayed-identification leads and start with their name, as in this Oct. 5, 2023 example from the New York Times:\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\nDianne Feinstein, who rose to national prominence representing California in the U.S. Senate for more than 30 years, will be laid to rest on Thursday after a public memorial service in San Francisco.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Anecdotal\/Narrative Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nAn <strong>anecdotal\/narrative lead<\/strong> begins with a story or anecdote related to the overall theme. This lead can be in a news story but is well-suited for feature stories. It begins by introducing the reader to a three-to-five paragraph mini-story that gives a snapshot of a larger article.\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n\nHere's a notable Oct. 2, 2023 narrative example from New York Times reporter Katrina Miller:\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>There is a memorable scene in \u201cOppenheimer,\u201d the blockbuster film about the building of the atomic bomb, in which Luis Alvarez, a physicist at the University of California, Berkeley, is reading a newspaper while getting a haircut. Suddenly, Alvarez leaps from his seat and sprints down the road to find his colleague, the theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>\u201cOppie! Oppie!\u201d he shouts. \u201cThey\u2019ve done it. Hahn and Strassmann in Germany. They split the uranium nucleus. They split the atom.\u201d<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>The reference is to two German chemists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, who in 1939 unknowingly reported a demonstration of nuclear fission, the splintering of an atom into lighter elements. The discovery was key to the Manhattan Project, the top-secret American effort led by Oppenheimer to develop the first nuclear weapons.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Except the scene is not entirely accurate, to the chagrin of some scientists. A major player is missing from the portrayal: Lise Meitner, a physicist who worked closely with Hahn and developed the theory of nuclear fission.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This is a long lead but brings the reader into a lengthy story about Meitner and her contributions in the field by beginning with a small story about her.<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Direct-Address Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nAre you paying attention while reading this chapter? If so, you have just experienced the benefit of a <strong>direct-address lead<\/strong>. This type of lead uses the word \u201cyou\u201d to get readers\u2019 attention. It can be effective, but beware of overusing this technique. It lends itself to a casual style and a story that directly impacts a set of readers. For example, if you're writing to college students about a trend that specifically affects them, that might be a time for a direct-address lead.\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nNatalie B. Compton of the Washington Post uses a direct-address approach in a Sept. 12, 2023 lead about vacations:\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>If you\u2019re feeling immense woe as summer fades away, hold off on your seasonal despair. Fall is coming, but you don\u2019t have to say goodbye to your dreams of sun and sand just yet. Pi\u00f1a coladas, pools and palm trees are still attainable, even if people are already gearing up for leaf-peeping.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Scene-Setter Lead<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nThe <strong>scene-setter lead<\/strong>\u00a0is like the narrative lead in that you're taking the reader on a journey into your story. In a scene-setter lead, a reporter describes the scene where the story takes place. If you're writing about a new movie theater, use your senses to place the reader there. The lead should describe the expanse of the movie screen, the laughter of the audience and the smell of the popcorn. If readers feel pulled into a story, they are less likely to leave it early.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nThis scene-setter example about Montana and the television show \"Yellowstone\" was published in October 2023 by the Washington Post.\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>BOZEMAN, Mont. \u2014 The Taylor Fork Creek, a tributary of Montana\u2019s famed Gallatin River south of Bozeman, rushes downstream from the steeply slanted high peaks of the Taylor Peaks to the west, wending through a high mountain and wildflower-studded meadow as the horse corrals for the Nine Quarter Circle Ranch come into view. At 7,000 feet of elevation, the view is breathtaking.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>It\u2019s also the natural backdrop for one of TV\u2019s most talked-about shows.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>These days when people say \u201cYellowstone\u201d you can\u2019t be certain they\u2019re referring to America\u2019s first national park. More often than not, they\u2019re referring to one of television\u2019s most popular series by the same name. Paramount Network\u2019s drama about the fictional Dutton family ranch set in Montana\u2019s Paradise Valley has smashed viewer rating records and is driving millions of tourists to visit the state.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Blind Lead\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA <strong>blind lead<\/strong> is a feature lead that deliberately teases the reader by withholding a key piece of information. The theory is that a reader will keep reading to find out what happened. This can be an effective way to help a reader finish a story. A sports story on the game-defining play could introduce the play in the lead but not tell readers until later exactly what happened. Don't overuse this lead, either, as readers have only so much patience.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nSan Diego Union-Tribune writer Michael Karima used a blind lead on Sept. 21, 2023 by mentioning a source\u2019s childhood but not getting into the traumatic details until later.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n\"Inspired by childhood experiences in the Middle East, oculofacial surgeon Dr. Jean-Paul Abboud spends time volunteering to help children through eyelid and facial reconstructive surgery.\"\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Startling-Statement Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nNext comes a lead in which research is key. A <strong>startling-statement lead<\/strong> begins a story with a shocking fact to get readers\u2019 attention. Finding suitable facts relies on good research.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nAn example: One in four Americans will be infected with a sexually transmitted disease at some point in their lives, according to health officials.\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nNew York Times writer Soumya Karlamangla created a lead that shows just how impactful a strike by a particular medical group could be in an Oct. 5, 2023 example.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>Lead: Kaiser Permanente has an enormous footprint in California.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>The organization, based in Oakland, is the largest private employer in the state, operating 36 hospitals and more than 500 medical office buildings in California. It provides coverage to roughly half of all Californians with private health insurance.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Karlamangla used the facts about Kaiser\u2019s large enrollment numbers in California to illustrate the impact of a strike there.<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Wordplay Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nThis type of lead is tough to pull off. A <strong>wordplay<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> uses clever wording or presents phrases in an unconventional way. It quickly can veer into ridiculousness, so be careful. Get someone else's opinion on whether your lead would make the reader smile or roll their eyes.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>Lead: Rock: College president Jane Smith: Hard place.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Nut graf: Smith has no good options when making budget cuts ...<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h3>Lead to Avoid<\/h3>\nNew writers tend to make the same mistakes when choosing a lead. There are several types to avoid in news and feature writing.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Duh Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA <strong>duh lead<\/strong> is one that tells the readers something obvious and not newsworthy. It's a bad habit from many new writers\u2019 days of introductory paragraphs in English essays. Instead of getting right into the news, the story begins with something the reader already knows, such as where a college is located or that a meeting was held. Avoid this.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n\n<em>SAN DIEGO -- The City Council held a meeting at City Hall on Monday night.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Question Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA <strong>question lead<\/strong> begins a story by asking a question. Some journalism classes and textbooks endorse using question leads, but they're problematic for new writers. For one thing, a person reads a story to learn something, not to be quizzed on the topic.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nSecond, a question lead is a lazy way to introduce a story. Reporters should challenge themselves to write a more creative introduction.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n\n<em>SAN DIEGO -- Do you think textbooks are too expensive? A new study found that more than half of students in a random survey said ...<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Quote Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA <strong>quote lead<\/strong> is one that begins with a direct quote. This is another type that pops up in the stories of new reporters. A quote lead is confusing to readers because it feels like they're coming into the middle of a conversation.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA good journalist strives to include readers from the beginning of the story and hold on to them the entire way. Confusing quotes can derail those efforts.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nAnother issue with a quote lead is that most quotes are not good enough to launch a story. Quotes typically need some sort of introduction and context to make sense to the reader.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA mantra among journalism professors is that unless your quote is something like \u201cI have returned,\u201d said Jesus Christ, save it for after the lead.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Attribution Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nIf you remember from previous chapters, <strong>attribution<\/strong> is the source of your information. After spending so much time talking to a person, it feels natural to introduce them in the lead. But resist the temptation. An <strong>attribution<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is one that starts with the subject who gave you the news instead of the news itself. It weighs down a lead. Instead, put the subject at the end of the lead. You might need to flip your sentence around to avoid an attribution lead.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>The mayor told the audience Tuesday that a new stadium will be built in the city next year.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Better lead: A new stadium will be built next year, according to the mayor in a speech Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Yesterday Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nMuch of what a journalist writes already has happened. Timeliness is an important part of an article\u2019s news value. A <strong>yesterday<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is to be avoided because it focuses on information that occurred too long ago.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA lead needs to focus on the latest news. When you're covering an ongoing event, the lead should reflect the latest developments. If it's no longer timely, the story shouldn't be published.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>The jury deliberated Monday on the libel suit between the college president and its campus newspaper, according to court officials on Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Better: After four hours of deliberations Tuesday, a jury requested more transcripts from a libel trial between a college president and the campus newspaper, according to court records.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Double Negative Lead<\/h4>\nA <strong>double<\/strong> <strong>negative<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is a type that reports on what did not happen or what is missing. If a study is released that finds that 40 percent of people read books regularly, that should be the focus. In a double negative lead, the story instead would focus on the 60 percent of people who didn't report regularly reading books. Stick with what the story knows, not what it's lacking.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Fanciful Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nA <strong>fanciful<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is one that exaggerates, misleads, or reports half-truths to make a story more interesting. Sometimes when you're reporting a story, it turns out to lack news value. A reporter might be tempted to make it sound better than it is. Resist that and remember the ethical guidelines of reporting the truth.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nAn example of this came when I was an adviser at the campus newspaper. A reporter turned in a fantastic story about a club recruiting event on campus. The story made the event sound busy and lively.\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n\nThen the photographer came back with the photographs. No one had shown up. The event had been a bust. The reporter told me that she felt bad for the organizers and wanted to help by making it appear fun. Her compassion was admirable, but the story was a lie. The reporter went back to the event to interview the organizers again. She created a better story about how the event had struggled with turnout, but the organizers hoped to implement some changes to improve the next one.\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">The lead or lede is the first paragraph of any news or feature story and should include some of the classic five Ws and an H: who, what, when, where, why, how.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">There are three types of news leads, six types of feature leads and seven leads to avoid.\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">News Leads\n<ol>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Basic news lead: A concise and direct lead that tells the reader the most important part of the story immediately.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Summary lead: A one- or two-sentence news lead that summarizes two to three points of a news story.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Delayed-identification lead: A news lead in which a person is described in the first paragraph, but the name is introduced later.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Feature Leads\n<ol>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Anecdotal\/narrative lead: A feature lead that begins with a story or anecdote related to the overall theme.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Direct-address lead: A lead that uses the word \u201cyou\u201d to get readers\u2019 attention.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Scene-setter lead: A lead that describes the scene where the story takes place.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Blind lead: A feature lead that deliberately teases the reader by withholding a key piece of information.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Startling-statement lead: A lead that begins a story with a shocking fact to get readers\u2019 attention.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Wordplay lead: A lead that uses clever wording or presents phrases in an unconventional way.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Leads to Avoid\n<ol>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Duh lead: A lead that tells the readers something obvious and not newsworthy.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Question lead: A lead begins a story by asking a question.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Quote lead: A lead that begins with a direct quote.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Attribution lead: A lead that starts with the subject who gave you the news instead of the news itself.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Yesterday lead: A lead that focuses on information that happened too long ago.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Double-negative lead: A lead that reports on what did not happen or what is missing.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Fanciful lead: A lead that exaggerates, misleads, or reports half-truths to make a story more interesting.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Exercise<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nIt's time for dessert. Visit People magazine's <a href=\"https:\/\/people.com\/tag\/news\/\">website<\/a>, which has news stories about the entertainment industry. Click through the articles and try to find one example each of the following leads. Copy and paste the lead next to the lead type.\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<ol>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Basic news lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Summary lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Delayed-identification lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Direct-address lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Scene-setter lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Blind lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Startling-statement lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Wordplay lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h2><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Writing Leads<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_196\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-196\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-196\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/2328829160_8d709b3efb_o-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"A hand is holding a red and black pen with a gold tip, poised to write on a blank piece of paper.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-196\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The more you write, the better you write.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Once a reporter has conducted their interviews, it is time to write. <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Where to begin?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>The lead.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>The <strong>lead<\/strong> or <strong>lede<\/strong>\u00a0is pronounced LEED and is the first paragraph of any news or feature story.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Consider the lead your first-date outfit. It&#8217;s designed to grab the reader\u2019s attention and give a good first impression of your story. If you do not have a good lead, you will lose the reader.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Writing a news or feature lead is often a path into writing the entire news story. Not all journalists start with the lead, but most do. For new writers, beginning with the lead will help you develop an outline of the entire story.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>There is a tried-and-true process for lead writing. To begin, a reporter needs to have interview transcriptions, research and documents ready. Many journalists review their notes before they begin to write and highlight any information that feels crucial to include in the story.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div>\n<p>With their notes nearby, a reporter can create an opening paragraph that puts their best information forward. A handy way to organize those thoughts is by writing out the classic five Ws and an H.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Who<\/li>\n<li>What<\/li>\n<li>When<\/li>\n<li>Where<\/li>\n<li>Why<\/li>\n<li>How<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In a 2015 paper titled \u201cNews Writing for Print,&#8221; Ricky Telg and Lisa Lundy explain these letters. They write that t<\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">he five Ws and H also can be the questions that a news story should answer, such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Who said or did something?<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">What was said or done? What happened?<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">When was it said or done? When did it happen?<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Where was it said or done? Where did it happen?<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Why was it said or done? Why did it happen?<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">How was it said or done? How did it happen? How does this affect me?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Telg and Lundy also write that &#8220;what&#8221; and &#8220;who&#8221; are most often used in leads.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s go through an example of creating a lead using this process. Below is fictional information added to the five Ws and H form.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Who: College president <\/span><\/li>\n<li>What: Received an award<\/li>\n<li>When: Yesterday<\/li>\n<li>Where: On campus<\/li>\n<li>Why: The president opted not to take a salary for an entire year while working to help get the college back to financial solvency.<\/li>\n<li>How: The local chamber of commerce found out about the lack of a paycheck and presented the college president with a plaque and breakfast honoring the sacrifice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Now that the information is in the format, a journalist can look at what could go in the lead. Rank the information from most newsworthy (1) to least newsworthy (6). This is a judgement call for the reporter based on the factors of newsworthiness in Chapter 4.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>In this example, the most interesting information is not the \u201cwhen\u201d or \u201cwhere.\u201d The \u201cwhat\u201d is not the most interesting, either, as awards are common. The \u201cwhy\u201d in this example is newsworthy. The college president declined a paycheck because the college was struggling financially. That should be the lead.<\/p>\n<p>Not all of the five Ws and H can fit in a lead. Unlike papers written in an English class, the lead needs to be short. One sentence is recommended. Two is the most you would use.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">According to Telg and Lundy, \u201cA good lead generally will contain at least three of the five Ws and H. However, one mistake writers sometimes make is trying to put too much in a lead. The lead should be brief, no more than 25 words.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Using the information from above, let&#8217;s write an effective lead by getting directly to the best part of the story. Start with a dateline.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>A <strong>dateline<\/strong> is the location where a story is happening. Not all media organizations use a dateline, but many do to inform the reader of the location. It is often capitalized.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ap.org\/about\/news-values-and-principles\/telling-the-story\/dateline\">The Associated Press<\/a>, &#8220;a dateline tells the reader where we obtained the basic information for a story. A byline tells the reader who wrote the story.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>For most stories, the AP adds, the dateline is where the event took place. But if the story is longer or includes people from multiple locations, the dateline should be &#8220;where the staffer covering the story is located.\u201d<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Dateline: SAN MARCOS<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><em>Lead: The Palomar College president declined a salary for a year while working to get the college&#8217;s budget problems fixed, according to the San Marcos Chamber of Commerce in an award given yesterday.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">In this example, who, what, when and why are used in the lead. But it&#8217;s still a bit long. Let\u2019s edit out excess words to get it to under 25. When editing your lead, use strong, active verbs. Avoid the temptation to write it like a headline. It must be a fluid and complete sentence.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>SAN MARCOS &#8212; Palomar College\u2019s president declined a salary for a year to fix school budget problems, according to the local chamber of commerce.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Now the lead is 21 words long and tells the reader immediately what this story is about. It also might make the reader curious about why declining a paycheck was the answer or how the budget problems began.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A lead might need to be revised several times as the story evolves. It also could change in format. There are three types of news leads and six types of feature leads to consider.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h3>Types of Leads<\/h3>\n<h4>Basic News Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A <strong>basic news lead <\/strong>is a concise and direct lead that tells the reader the most important part of the story immediately. It is one sentence and ends with attribution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Here&#8217;s the basic news lead format &#8212; Dateline: Most interesting and newsworthy information and time element here, according to your source.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>I coach my students that to write this lead, they should first tell me the most interesting thing about their story in one sentence. That&#8217;s usually close to a basic news lead.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>This lead helps writers avoid the natural tendency to bury the lead and leave the good information for later.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>I love to tell the story of my college roommate who came home from school and started talking about her day. Halfway through her 10-minute monologue, she said she got hit by a car while on her bike. I was barely listening, but I stopped cold and exclaimed, \u201cYou got hit by a car?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>My roommate only had minor cuts and bruises, and she buried the lead, hiding the key facts among less vital information. If she was using the basic news lead, she would have opened with, \u201cI got hit by a car on my way home from school today\u201d and then described the facts leading up to it, with my undivided attention, of course.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Start with the best stuff first. Resist the urge to revert to an English format with an introductory paragraph that eases the reader into the main idea. Phillip Molnar, a writer for The San Diego Union-Tribune, wrote a basic news lead on Oct. 5, 2023.<\/p>\n<div class=\"authors\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Lead: Construction has started on a 164-home project in Bonsall with Texas-sized houses.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Nut graf: The Havens will have homes starting near $1 million and up. The single-family homes range from 1,942 to 3,000 square feet and feature two-car garages and many bedrooms. Lot sizes run from 5,000 to 8,000 square feet.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Summary Lead<\/h4>\n<p>The second type of news lead is called a summary lead. A <strong>summary lead<\/strong> is a one- or two-sentence news lead that summarizes two to three points of a news story. These are often used by reporters covering speeches or meetings where many different news items occur. Here are two fictional examples.<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>SAN MARCOS &#8212; The City Council voted to raise taxes, add a new park and restrict parking downtown at a meeting Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">WASHINGTON &#8212; The President talked about his plans for fixing the borders, providing more birth control options for women, and climate change during the State of the Union address Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Both leads include main topics in general terms. The details come later in the story. Here is a s<\/span>ummary example from the San Diego Union-Tribune by Kristen Taketa in Oct. 5, 2023.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Lead: Since 2020 school districts across the country have weathered complaints and contentious board meetings about masks, school closures, COVID-19 vaccines and discussions of race in school.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><em>Now the latest widespread backlash to hit public schools has centered on the LGBTQ+ community, and San Diego County is no exception.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Delayed-Identification Lead<\/span><\/h4>\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The third type of news lead is called the <\/span><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">delayed-identification lead<\/strong><strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">.<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> It&#8217;s one in which a person is described in the first paragraph, but the actual name is not introduced until later. This allows the reader to focus on what the person is doing instead of getting bogged down in the details of the name.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>It&#8217;s an effective lead that can be combined with other leads to make the first paragraph direct and to the point. It does not work with famous people, whose name makes them inherently newsworthy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>For a private citizen or low-level public officials, use an identifier in the lead and name them in the second paragraph. An identifier can be city of residence, occupation, age or gender.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>A college student was found &#8230;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>An Encinitas man was sued &#8230;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The Poway mayor attended the \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>A 23-year-old man was killed&#8230;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">The Washington Post published an article on Oct. 8, 2023 that featured a delayed-identification lead.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>RIO DE JANEIRO \u2014 Three orthopedic physicians were shot and killed early Thursday morning at a beachside kiosk in an upscale part of town in what authorities are calling a targeted execution that may have been politically motivated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Remember: If the person is well-known, avoid delayed-identification leads and start with their name, as in this Oct. 5, 2023 example from the New York Times:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dianne Feinstein, who rose to national prominence representing California in the U.S. Senate for more than 30 years, will be laid to rest on Thursday after a public memorial service in San Francisco.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Anecdotal\/Narrative Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>An <strong>anecdotal\/narrative lead<\/strong> begins with a story or anecdote related to the overall theme. This lead can be in a news story but is well-suited for feature stories. It begins by introducing the reader to a three-to-five paragraph mini-story that gives a snapshot of a larger article.<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<p>Here&#8217;s a notable Oct. 2, 2023 narrative example from New York Times reporter Katrina Miller:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>There is a memorable scene in \u201cOppenheimer,\u201d the blockbuster film about the building of the atomic bomb, in which Luis Alvarez, a physicist at the University of California, Berkeley, is reading a newspaper while getting a haircut. Suddenly, Alvarez leaps from his seat and sprints down the road to find his colleague, the theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>\u201cOppie! Oppie!\u201d he shouts. \u201cThey\u2019ve done it. Hahn and Strassmann in Germany. They split the uranium nucleus. They split the atom.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>The reference is to two German chemists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, who in 1939 unknowingly reported a demonstration of nuclear fission, the splintering of an atom into lighter elements. The discovery was key to the Manhattan Project, the top-secret American effort led by Oppenheimer to develop the first nuclear weapons.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Except the scene is not entirely accurate, to the chagrin of some scientists. A major player is missing from the portrayal: Lise Meitner, a physicist who worked closely with Hahn and developed the theory of nuclear fission.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">This is a long lead but brings the reader into a lengthy story about Meitner and her contributions in the field by beginning with a small story about her.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Direct-Address Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Are you paying attention while reading this chapter? If so, you have just experienced the benefit of a <strong>direct-address lead<\/strong>. This type of lead uses the word \u201cyou\u201d to get readers\u2019 attention. It can be effective, but beware of overusing this technique. It lends itself to a casual style and a story that directly impacts a set of readers. For example, if you&#8217;re writing to college students about a trend that specifically affects them, that might be a time for a direct-address lead.<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Natalie B. Compton of the Washington Post uses a direct-address approach in a Sept. 12, 2023 lead about vacations:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>If you\u2019re feeling immense woe as summer fades away, hold off on your seasonal despair. Fall is coming, but you don\u2019t have to say goodbye to your dreams of sun and sand just yet. Pi\u00f1a coladas, pools and palm trees are still attainable, even if people are already gearing up for leaf-peeping.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Scene-Setter Lead<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>The <strong>scene-setter lead<\/strong>\u00a0is like the narrative lead in that you&#8217;re taking the reader on a journey into your story. In a scene-setter lead, a reporter describes the scene where the story takes place. If you&#8217;re writing about a new movie theater, use your senses to place the reader there. The lead should describe the expanse of the movie screen, the laughter of the audience and the smell of the popcorn. If readers feel pulled into a story, they are less likely to leave it early.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>This scene-setter example about Montana and the television show &#8220;Yellowstone&#8221; was published in October 2023 by the Washington Post.<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>BOZEMAN, Mont. \u2014 The Taylor Fork Creek, a tributary of Montana\u2019s famed Gallatin River south of Bozeman, rushes downstream from the steeply slanted high peaks of the Taylor Peaks to the west, wending through a high mountain and wildflower-studded meadow as the horse corrals for the Nine Quarter Circle Ranch come into view. At 7,000 feet of elevation, the view is breathtaking.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>It\u2019s also the natural backdrop for one of TV\u2019s most talked-about shows.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>These days when people say \u201cYellowstone\u201d you can\u2019t be certain they\u2019re referring to America\u2019s first national park. More often than not, they\u2019re referring to one of television\u2019s most popular series by the same name. Paramount Network\u2019s drama about the fictional Dutton family ranch set in Montana\u2019s Paradise Valley has smashed viewer rating records and is driving millions of tourists to visit the state.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Blind Lead\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A <strong>blind lead<\/strong> is a feature lead that deliberately teases the reader by withholding a key piece of information. The theory is that a reader will keep reading to find out what happened. This can be an effective way to help a reader finish a story. A sports story on the game-defining play could introduce the play in the lead but not tell readers until later exactly what happened. Don&#8217;t overuse this lead, either, as readers have only so much patience.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>San Diego Union-Tribune writer Michael Karima used a blind lead on Sept. 21, 2023 by mentioning a source\u2019s childhood but not getting into the traumatic details until later.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>&#8220;Inspired by childhood experiences in the Middle East, oculofacial surgeon Dr. Jean-Paul Abboud spends time volunteering to help children through eyelid and facial reconstructive surgery.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Startling-Statement Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Next comes a lead in which research is key. A <strong>startling-statement lead<\/strong> begins a story with a shocking fact to get readers\u2019 attention. Finding suitable facts relies on good research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>An example: One in four Americans will be infected with a sexually transmitted disease at some point in their lives, according to health officials.<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>New York Times writer Soumya Karlamangla created a lead that shows just how impactful a strike by a particular medical group could be in an Oct. 5, 2023 example.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Lead: Kaiser Permanente has an enormous footprint in California.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>The organization, based in Oakland, is the largest private employer in the state, operating 36 hospitals and more than 500 medical office buildings in California. It provides coverage to roughly half of all Californians with private health insurance.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Karlamangla used the facts about Kaiser\u2019s large enrollment numbers in California to illustrate the impact of a strike there.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Wordplay Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>This type of lead is tough to pull off. A <strong>wordplay<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> uses clever wording or presents phrases in an unconventional way. It quickly can veer into ridiculousness, so be careful. Get someone else&#8217;s opinion on whether your lead would make the reader smile or roll their eyes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Lead: Rock: College president Jane Smith: Hard place.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Nut graf: Smith has no good options when making budget cuts &#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h3>Lead to Avoid<\/h3>\n<p>New writers tend to make the same mistakes when choosing a lead. There are several types to avoid in news and feature writing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Duh Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A <strong>duh lead<\/strong> is one that tells the readers something obvious and not newsworthy. It&#8217;s a bad habit from many new writers\u2019 days of introductory paragraphs in English essays. Instead of getting right into the news, the story begins with something the reader already knows, such as where a college is located or that a meeting was held. Avoid this.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>SAN DIEGO &#8212; The City Council held a meeting at City Hall on Monday night.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Question Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A <strong>question lead<\/strong> begins a story by asking a question. Some journalism classes and textbooks endorse using question leads, but they&#8217;re problematic for new writers. For one thing, a person reads a story to learn something, not to be quizzed on the topic.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Second, a question lead is a lazy way to introduce a story. Reporters should challenge themselves to write a more creative introduction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>SAN DIEGO &#8212; Do you think textbooks are too expensive? A new study found that more than half of students in a random survey said &#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Quote Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A <strong>quote lead<\/strong> is one that begins with a direct quote. This is another type that pops up in the stories of new reporters. A quote lead is confusing to readers because it feels like they&#8217;re coming into the middle of a conversation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A good journalist strives to include readers from the beginning of the story and hold on to them the entire way. Confusing quotes can derail those efforts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Another issue with a quote lead is that most quotes are not good enough to launch a story. Quotes typically need some sort of introduction and context to make sense to the reader.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A mantra among journalism professors is that unless your quote is something like \u201cI have returned,\u201d said Jesus Christ, save it for after the lead.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Attribution Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>If you remember from previous chapters, <strong>attribution<\/strong> is the source of your information. After spending so much time talking to a person, it feels natural to introduce them in the lead. But resist the temptation. An <strong>attribution<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is one that starts with the subject who gave you the news instead of the news itself. It weighs down a lead. Instead, put the subject at the end of the lead. You might need to flip your sentence around to avoid an attribution lead.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The mayor told the audience Tuesday that a new stadium will be built in the city next year.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Better lead: A new stadium will be built next year, according to the mayor in a speech Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Yesterday Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Much of what a journalist writes already has happened. Timeliness is an important part of an article\u2019s news value. A <strong>yesterday<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is to be avoided because it focuses on information that occurred too long ago.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A lead needs to focus on the latest news. When you&#8217;re covering an ongoing event, the lead should reflect the latest developments. If it&#8217;s no longer timely, the story shouldn&#8217;t be published.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The jury deliberated Monday on the libel suit between the college president and its campus newspaper, according to court officials on Tuesday.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Better: After four hours of deliberations Tuesday, a jury requested more transcripts from a libel trial between a college president and the campus newspaper, according to court records.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Double Negative Lead<\/h4>\n<p>A <strong>double<\/strong> <strong>negative<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is a type that reports on what did not happen or what is missing. If a study is released that finds that 40 percent of people read books regularly, that should be the focus. In a double negative lead, the story instead would focus on the 60 percent of people who didn&#8217;t report regularly reading books. Stick with what the story knows, not what it&#8217;s lacking.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<h4>Fanciful Lead<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>A <strong>fanciful<\/strong> <strong>lead<\/strong> is one that exaggerates, misleads, or reports half-truths to make a story more interesting. Sometimes when you&#8217;re reporting a story, it turns out to lack news value. A reporter might be tempted to make it sound better than it is. Resist that and remember the ethical guidelines of reporting the truth.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>An example of this came when I was an adviser at the campus newspaper. A reporter turned in a fantastic story about a club recruiting event on campus. The story made the event sound busy and lively.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<p>Then the photographer came back with the photographs. No one had shown up. The event had been a bust. The reporter told me that she felt bad for the organizers and wanted to help by making it appear fun. Her compassion was admirable, but the story was a lie. The reporter went back to the event to interview the organizers again. She created a better story about how the event had struggled with turnout, but the organizers hoped to implement some changes to improve the next one.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">The lead or lede is the first paragraph of any news or feature story and should include some of the classic five Ws and an H: who, what, when, where, why, how.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">There are three types of news leads, six types of feature leads and seven leads to avoid.\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">News Leads\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Basic news lead: A concise and direct lead that tells the reader the most important part of the story immediately.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Summary lead: A one- or two-sentence news lead that summarizes two to three points of a news story.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Delayed-identification lead: A news lead in which a person is described in the first paragraph, but the name is introduced later.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Feature Leads\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Anecdotal\/narrative lead: A feature lead that begins with a story or anecdote related to the overall theme.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Direct-address lead: A lead that uses the word \u201cyou\u201d to get readers\u2019 attention.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Scene-setter lead: A lead that describes the scene where the story takes place.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Blind lead: A feature lead that deliberately teases the reader by withholding a key piece of information.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Startling-statement lead: A lead that begins a story with a shocking fact to get readers\u2019 attention.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Wordplay lead: A lead that uses clever wording or presents phrases in an unconventional way.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Leads to Avoid\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Duh lead: A lead that tells the readers something obvious and not newsworthy.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Question lead: A lead begins a story by asking a question.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Quote lead: A lead that begins with a direct quote.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Attribution lead: A lead that starts with the subject who gave you the news instead of the news itself.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Yesterday lead: A lead that focuses on information that happened too long ago.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Double-negative lead: A lead that reports on what did not happen or what is missing.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Fanciful lead: A lead that exaggerates, misleads, or reports half-truths to make a story more interesting.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Exercise<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>It&#8217;s time for dessert. Visit People magazine&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/people.com\/tag\/news\/\">website<\/a>, which has news stories about the entertainment industry. Click through the articles and try to find one example each of the following leads. Copy and paste the lead next to the lead type.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Basic news lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Summary lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Delayed-identification lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Direct-address lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Scene-setter lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Blind lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Startling-statement lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Wordplay lead example _____________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-70","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":22,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/revisions\/71"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/22"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}