
{"id":41,"date":"2023-12-05T22:54:45","date_gmt":"2023-12-05T22:54:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/chapter\/broccoli-and-chocolate-a-beginners-guide-to-journalism-2\/"},"modified":"2024-09-30T15:05:18","modified_gmt":"2024-09-30T15:05:18","slug":"broccoli-and-chocolate-a-beginners-guide-to-journalism-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/chapter\/broccoli-and-chocolate-a-beginners-guide-to-journalism-2\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 3: Writing Work\u00a0","rendered":"Chapter 3: Writing Work\u00a0"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"broccoli-and-chocolate:-a-beginner\u2019s-guide-to-journalism\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">To be an effective news writer, you need to write well. This textbook will teach you news writing, but it also is designed to make you a better writer overall. The ability to write in an effective and intelligent way will serve you in whatever career path you choose. The first step is to rid yourself of any lingering grammar, punctuation or phrasing issues. Bring on the broccoli.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Misspellings and Grammar Goofs<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nHopefully, your computer\u2019s spell check function will catch most of your spelling mistakes and grammar problems, but it can't catch everything. And you might not be able to use it in all of your communication.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nI once had a lovely boss who I really enjoyed working for. But she had one issue that I will always remember. She would use \u201cIrregardless\u201d in conversation quite often. It isn\u2019t a word. What she meant to say is \u201cregardless.\u201d It made me think less of her. Don\u2019t be like my boss.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nWikipedia has a good list of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonly_misspelled_English_words\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commonly misspelled words<\/a> that would be great to review. You might not have realized you were spelling something wrong. It also has an impressive list of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Lists_of_common_misspellings\/Grammar_and_miscellaneous\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">common grammar errors.<\/a> Skim through it and see if phrases that you use in your daily life made the cut.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nBeyond basic grammar, we need to review sentence structure. <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.pub\/writingtextbook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Writing Textbook <\/a>by Josh Woods examines three common sentence construction errors: fragments, run-on sentences and comma splices.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Fragments<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nA <strong>sentence fragment<\/strong> is a common error in which an incomplete sentence is presented as if it were complete, writes Woods. It is a phrase that should have been part of a previous sentence. It can be fixed by attaching it with commas to the complete sentence it refers to.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Incorrect: He can\u2019t find her. Because she left the house.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Correct: He can\u2019t find her because she left the house.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Run-on Sentences\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nA <strong>run-on sentence<\/strong> is a common error in which two independent clauses are combined without any punctuation, according to Woods.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>Incorrect: I am frightened of the roller coaster it looks too high.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Correct: I am frightened of the roller coaster; it looks too high.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Comma Splices\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nA <strong>comma splice<\/strong> is an error in which two independent clauses are combined by a comma without necessary coordinating conjunctions such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>Comma splice: I don\u2019t like studying grammar, it\u2019s too hard.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Corrected version: I don\u2019t like studying grammar; it\u2019s too hard.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Comma splice: I ran, the dog chased me.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Corrected version: I ran, but the dog chased me.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h3>Commas<\/h3>\nMost students have a decent command of commas. A <strong>comma<\/strong> is a punctuation mark that indicates a pause in a sentence or a separation of things in a list. Commas can be used in a variety of ways, but we use fewer in news writing than in English classes. New journalists tend to overuse commas. Journalism style does not use the so-called Oxford comma<em>. <\/em>More on that later in this chapter.\n\nLet\u2019s review the rules so that your news writing effectively uses this common punctuation.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>After an introductory word: Personally, I think the practice is helpful.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Before a conjunction in a compound sentence: The bedroom door was closed, so the children knew their mother was asleep.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>To interrupt words: I knew where it was hidden, of course, but I wanted them to find it themselves.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>In quotations: Kingsnorth said, \u201cBut religions do not own the sacred.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>As part of dates, addresses, greetings and letters: The letter was postmarked Dec. 8, 1945.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Semicolons<\/h3>\nThe <strong>semicolon<\/strong> tends to confuse even seasoned writers. Woods writes that one should use a semicolon to combine two closely related independent clauses. He notes that using a period to separate the clauses is technically correct but could make the idea seem disconnected. These sentences long to be together as they are related in topic. Join them with the semicolon. Using a comma would create a comma splice. Avoid this pitfall.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>Incorrect: Be sure to wear clean, well-dressed clothes to the interview, appearances are important.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Correct: Be sure to wear clean, well-dressed clothes to the interview; appearances are important.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Correct but disconnected: Be sure to wear clean, well-dressed clothes to the interview. Appearances are important.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Colon<\/h3>\nThe <strong>colon<\/strong> is another one that confuses new writers. It's a punctuation mark used to indicate an introduction to something. It can be used to combine independent clauses or when using lists.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>Linking independent clauses: I am hungry: Let\u2019s have lunch.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Introducing a list: I need to go to the grocery store to buy these items: milk, bread and eggs.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h3>Hyphens<\/h3>\nNews writers also must know about hyphens and their sibling, the dash. A <strong>hyphen<\/strong> is a piece of punctuation used to connect separate words or word parts that are intended to function as one, Woods writes.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nNews writers often use a hyphen when describing a source. For example, if I am writing about a 5-year-old boy, I need hyphens. But if I write that he is 5 years old, I don\u2019t. Same thing goes for when my mother-in-law is coming to town for a fun-filled visit. Typically, in journalism, the fewer hyphens, the better for reader clarity.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Dashes or Em Dashes<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nA <strong>dash<\/strong> or em dash is a punctuation mark used to set off abrupt interruptions in a sentence. Woods writes that you can enclose text between two em dashes or use just one em dash. The em dash has few concrete rules, so you can use it without fear of making grammatical mistakes, according to Woods.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\nExample:\n<ul>\n \t<li>The mayor \u2013 who was elected last year \u2013 spoke at the news conference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 1.424em;font-weight: bold\">News Writing Style<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nNow that we've reviewed grammar rules, we can focus on news writing style.\n\nFirst lesson: Forget what you learned in English class about essay writing. News writing is different in that you work harder to write less in a simple and straightforward manner.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nAs a new journalist, you need people to read your stories, so the writing must be engaging, informative and easily understandable. This skill will serve you well in other walks of life as well. When you write, you need to communicate and convey information to readers. Your writing should help \u2013 not hinder \u2013 that goal. This textbook is written in a news writing style with the same goal in mind.\n<h3>News Writing Tips<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Keep sentences short for maximum reader comprehension.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid wordy phrases or confusing punctuation.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Limit sentences to one idea.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid run-on sentences.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Use short paragraphs of one to two sentences.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid adding opinions to a story.\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Sneaky words like \u201cjust\u201d and \u201cunique\u201d add opinion where it does not belong.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">The reader should never be able to tell what you think about a news story. You are a neutral observer. Let your sources\u2019 voices stand alone.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Keep yourself out of a news story. Avoid the phrase \u201cI spoke to \u2026\u201d<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid jargon. Translate difficult words or concepts into simple sentences.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Your news writing tone should be conversational; imagine you are telling the information to a friend.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Include examples of what you are writing about.\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">If your story is about cuts to a school budget, mention how many teachers would be fired so readers can understand the impact.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Choose your words carefully. Avoid trendy phrases or slang. Prune your sentence to keep the strongest, most effective words.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Write first and revise later.\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Get that first draft out of your mind and onto the page. News writing requires a lot of editing. There will be time for that later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Write in the active voice whenever possible.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Don\u2019t use exclamation points in journalism!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h3>Active Versus Passive Voice<\/h3>\nEvery sentence has either an active or passive voice. In the <strong>active voice<\/strong>, the subject is performing the action. For example: The student takes the pen. The subject is the student, and the action is taking the pen.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nIn the <strong>passive voice<\/strong>, the action\u2019s target goes first in the sentence. An example of passive voice: The pen is being taken by the student.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nTypically, active voice is better for your sentences in college essays and journalism. The sentences have fewer words and stronger verbs. Starting your sentences with the subject is easier for the reader to digest.\u00a0 Sentences with passive voice are often wordier and more confusing. News writers should avoid using the passive voice as much as possible\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Associated Press Style<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nYou might have learned MLA or APA style in your science and English classes. Forget those styles in journalism. They are not in this book and shouldn't be in your news stories. We used something called Associated Press style. The Associated Press is a wire service that maintains the Associated Press Stylebook. The rules of this style are all about reader comprehension. The guide is designed to make your writing as clear as possible.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nJournalists and people working in other communications fields often either own a physical copy of the book or pay for access to the online version. When you are writing in news style, you will need to use this resource much like you might use a dictionary or MLA reference guide.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nThe stylebook is updated each year, so some things may change. But there are a few rules that every beginner should know about AP style. <span style=\"font-size: 1.266em;font-style: italic\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Abbreviations<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nAP style rules are designed to make the reader\u2019s life easier. One way to achieve that goal is to limit abbreviations.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n\nAP style dictates that you should avoid using abbreviations whenever possible. If you are writing about a school club that has a long name, then include the full name of the club on first reference and refer to it as \u201cthe club\u201d in the rest of the story. Better yet, if you can describe what the club does, add that to subsequent references.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_39\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-39\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"Colorful children's wood letters are scattered on a wood floor.\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\"> Using abbreviations confuses readers.[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nFor example, Palomar College has a child care program called the Early Childhood Education Lab School, which the school abbreviates to ECELS. A reader will not know what that means, so AP style instructs you to use Early Childhood Education Lab School on first reference, then refer to it as the child care center or lab school for the remainder of the story.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nAnother way to remember this rule: When in doubt, write it out. Avoid abbreviations in general, but there are exceptions. Some abbreviations have become more common than the name itself. AP style says it's OK to leave those as abbreviations without periods between each letter. Check the guide for specifics.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Capitalization<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nIn journalism, you only should capitalize proper nouns. For example, capitalize \"English\" but not \"biology\" because English is the formal name of the language. In some academic settings, you will find unnecessary capitalization to prove a point or give something more importance. Resist that urge in journalism. Notice that \"journalism\" is not capitalized unless it's in a formal name, such as the course \"Journalism 101: Introduction to News Writing.\" If you are writing about your campus, capitalize the official name of your library. But if you refer to it in general terms, call it the campus library, using lower case letters.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Degrees<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nSince you are taking a college course, you might find yourself writing about academic degrees. I tell my students that you don't need to mention a source\u2019s degree unless it's relevant to what they're talking about. For example, if you are writing about COVID-19, it's important to include if a source has a medical degree, but not if they have a doctorate in French.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nIf you do need to mention a degree, AP style rules require spelling out \"bachelor\u2019s degree\" and \"master\u2019s degree\" or capitalizing the formal name of the degree: Bachelor of Arts. Weird note: There is no possessive in the term \"associate degree.\"\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nSometimes it's too hard to spell out all the degrees. In that case, you can use abbreviations like B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. after the full name only.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Dates<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nYou will need to write dates in your news stories. If you are just writing the month, spell it out and capitalize it. If you are using the full date, you will abbreviate the months with more letters.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h5>AP style for dates:<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">January 2012 or Jan. 24, 2012<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">February or Feb. 14, 2023<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">March 2005 or March 6, 2005<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">April or April 12, 2010<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">May 1999 or May 31, 2007<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">June or June 1, 1950<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">July or July 4, 2025<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">August 2000 or Aug. 21, 2004<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">September or Sept. 1, 3000<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">October or Oct. 31, 2024<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">November or Nov. 1, 1888<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">December or Dec. 31, 2099<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h4>Time<\/h4>\nTime is another element in which you want to keep it as simple as possible for your readers. Use numbers except for midnight or noon for reader clarity. For example, I have a meeting at 7 a.m. and another one at 9:30 p.m.\n\n<\/div>\n<h4>States<\/h4>\n<div>\n\nThe rule for dealing with states in news writing is to spell out the state except for when it is paired with a city. When it is paired with a city, you should abbreviate the state name if it has a certain number of letters.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>I was born in Utah but raised in San Diego, Calif.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>I traveled to Boise, Idaho before heading to Missoula, Mont.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<header class=\"textbox__header\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The AP Stylebook features a list of abbreviations based on the state name. You always should check that list when using states in news writing.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/header><\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Addresses<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nIf you include an address in your news writing, you must abbreviate parts of it. AP style says to abbreviate words such as \"avenue,\" \"street\" and \"boulevard\" as part of an address (for example, someone who lives at 123 Main St. or 456 Elm Ave.). If you are writing about Escondido Avenue without a specific address, spell it out.\u00a0 Words such as \"drive,\" \"road\" and \"terrace\" are always spelled out, even in an address. Addresses are another place to check with the AP Stylebook while working on a story.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Title and Compositions<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nWhenever you refer to someone in a news story, you need to give them some sort of title to let the reader know a little about them. Whether it's a student, president or clown, a title is necessary. AP style requires that you identify your source when you name them. For example: President Biden held a press conference where student Jane Doe reported.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nTitle rule: Capitalize any formal title before a person\u2019s name. Use lowercase on all titles after the name. Lowercase informal titles or when any title is not used with a name.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Professor Erin Hiro wrote this book.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Erin Hiro, a San Marcos resident, spoke to the students.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>The clown entertained the guests.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">There are different title rules for government organizations as well as the U.S. military. Check your style guide when using those. If you have a source with a long formal title, it's best to put the title after the name with a comma.<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n\nWhen writing about the title of a film, book or album, capitalize the title and put it into quotation marks. Do not use quotations for the name of a publication itself, just the article, such as the Los Angeles Times published an article titled \u201cJournalism students win awards.\u201d\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Numbers<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nJournalism style for numbers is always the trickiest for students. the g<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">eneral numbers rule for AP Style: Spell out numbers less than nine and use numerals for 10 and greater. <\/span>Exceptions: age, sports, measurements, money.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nLet\u2019s begin.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h5><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Age and AP Style<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nDisregard the numbers rule and always use numerals for ages.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em> The boy was 5 years old. The woman, 31, won an award.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5>Sports<\/h5>\n<div>\n\nWriting about sports is another area where you often ignore the numbers rule. You will use numerals for scores, ratios and measurements.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>The Padres won 4-1.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>The basketball player was 6 foot, 2 inches tall.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>There are 2-to-1 odds that the team will advance to the playoffs.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h5><span style=\"font-size: 1.125em\">Money and Percentages<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nUse numbers for money and include the dollar sign.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>The student paid $4 for a cup of coffee and has a $40,000 car.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n\nAlso use numerals when dealing in percentages.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>I earned 95 percent on my test.<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Note: AP style also allows for using the percent sign, as in \"I bought this shirt at 30% off.\"<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<span style=\"font-size: 1.125em\">Numbers Are Bad<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_40\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"396\"]<img class=\" wp-image-40\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/09\/5819637652_3779bda2ba_o-300x100.png\" alt=\"A typed math equation has the letter y on one side of an equal sign and a fraction on the other. The bottom of the fraction reads X+1. The top of the fraction reads, &quot;I just don't care.&quot;\" width=\"396\" height=\"132\"> Readers tend to avoid math in news stories.[\/caption]\n\nThe last numbers rule I tell my students is that you should assume your reader does not like math. Use as few numbers as possible in your writing. Numbers can be confusing. Round any big numbers and try to explain what the numbers mean instead.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nFor example, if you're doing a story about money, don\u2019t give me a lot of sums. Use one or two numbers and then explain how the money will impact readers.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>The budget took a $2 million hit, which means the city must halt all road improvements for the next year.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Other AP Style Tidbits<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nMary Sterenberg, author of the book \u201cWrite Like a PR Pro,\u201d notes some other common style rules to know when writing news stories.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">More than, over: Use \"more than\" with numbers and \"over\" with spatial elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example:<\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em> The college has more than 100 faculty members. The cat jumped over the bed.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Because, since: Use \"because\" to denote a specific cause-effect relationship. \"Since\" is used when the first event leads logically to the second. It also can be used for time elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>I went because I was told. He went to the movies since he had tickets.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Toward\/towards: \"Toward\" doesn\u2019t end in an \"s.\" Neither does forward, backward, upward, downward, etc.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">That, which: Use \"that\" for essential clauses that impact a sentence's meaning and \"which\" for nonessential clauses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>Give me the pen, which is on the desk. (There might be others on the floor.)<\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em>Give me the pen that is on the desk. (There is only one pen, so the information about its location is not crucial, but nice to have.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Farther, further:\u00a0\"Farther\" refers to physical distance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<em>Example: <\/em>\n<ul>\n \t<li><em>I ran farther than you. I am further along in the television series.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\nSterenberg also writes about the AP Stylebook's chapter on \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ap.org\/press-releases\/new-ap-stylebook-includes-300-new-or-revised-entries-inclusive-storytelling-chapter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inclusive storytelling<\/a>.\u201d She writes that the section emphasizes:<span style=\"background-color: #eeeeee;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\u201cGiving voice and visibility to those who have been missing\/misrepresented<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Showing sensitivity about certain words\/phrases<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Expanding beyond usual sources and story ideas<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Including necessary context and background<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Striving to recognize and overcome unconscious biases<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Using thoughtful and precise language\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Though your word processing program will catch common mistakes, there's still a need for impeccable technique in news writing. Review the rules for sentence structure and punctuation before you write or while you edit.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">News writing is different than what you learned in English class. Write less and use a simple and straightforward manner.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Writing with an active voice is better in news writing than passive voice. Active voice uses fewer words and stronger verbs.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Journalism uses a set of writing rules called Associated Press style, which can be found in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apstylebook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press Stylebook<\/a>. The rules are designed for maximum reader comprehension.<\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">General numbers rule for AP style: Spell out numbers less than nine and use numerals for 10 and greater. Exceptions: age, sports, measurements, money<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Exercise<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n \t<li>Visit the website of nonprofit investigative news organization Voice of San Diego (voiceofsandiego.org)<\/li>\n \t<li>Find a news story from that excellent, free news source and copy and paste it into a word processing program of your choice.<\/li>\n \t<li>Read the article and circle the AP style rules used in the text.<\/li>\n \t<li>How many did you find?<\/li>\n \t<li>Are there any style choices that are different than AP style?<\/li>\n \t<li>Can you find any grammatical errors or other mistakes?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"broccoli-and-chocolate:-a-beginner\u2019s-guide-to-journalism\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">To be an effective news writer, you need to write well. This textbook will teach you news writing, but it also is designed to make you a better writer overall. The ability to write in an effective and intelligent way will serve you in whatever career path you choose. The first step is to rid yourself of any lingering grammar, punctuation or phrasing issues. Bring on the broccoli.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Misspellings and Grammar Goofs<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Hopefully, your computer\u2019s spell check function will catch most of your spelling mistakes and grammar problems, but it can&#8217;t catch everything. And you might not be able to use it in all of your communication.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>I once had a lovely boss who I really enjoyed working for. But she had one issue that I will always remember. She would use \u201cIrregardless\u201d in conversation quite often. It isn\u2019t a word. What she meant to say is \u201cregardless.\u201d It made me think less of her. Don\u2019t be like my boss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Wikipedia has a good list of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonly_misspelled_English_words\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commonly misspelled words<\/a> that would be great to review. You might not have realized you were spelling something wrong. It also has an impressive list of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Lists_of_common_misspellings\/Grammar_and_miscellaneous\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">common grammar errors.<\/a> Skim through it and see if phrases that you use in your daily life made the cut.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Beyond basic grammar, we need to review sentence structure. <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.pub\/writingtextbook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Writing Textbook <\/a>by Josh Woods examines three common sentence construction errors: fragments, run-on sentences and comma splices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Fragments<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>A <strong>sentence fragment<\/strong> is a common error in which an incomplete sentence is presented as if it were complete, writes Woods. It is a phrase that should have been part of a previous sentence. It can be fixed by attaching it with commas to the complete sentence it refers to.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Incorrect: He can\u2019t find her. Because she left the house.<\/em><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Correct: He can\u2019t find her because she left the house.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Run-on Sentences\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>A <strong>run-on sentence<\/strong> is a common error in which two independent clauses are combined without any punctuation, according to Woods.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Incorrect: I am frightened of the roller coaster it looks too high.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Correct: I am frightened of the roller coaster; it looks too high.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Comma Splices\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>A <strong>comma splice<\/strong> is an error in which two independent clauses are combined by a comma without necessary coordinating conjunctions such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Comma splice: I don\u2019t like studying grammar, it\u2019s too hard.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Corrected version: I don\u2019t like studying grammar; it\u2019s too hard.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Comma splice: I ran, the dog chased me.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Corrected version: I ran, but the dog chased me.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h3>Commas<\/h3>\n<p>Most students have a decent command of commas. A <strong>comma<\/strong> is a punctuation mark that indicates a pause in a sentence or a separation of things in a list. Commas can be used in a variety of ways, but we use fewer in news writing than in English classes. New journalists tend to overuse commas. Journalism style does not use the so-called Oxford comma<em>. <\/em>More on that later in this chapter.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s review the rules so that your news writing effectively uses this common punctuation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>After an introductory word: Personally, I think the practice is helpful.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Before a conjunction in a compound sentence: The bedroom door was closed, so the children knew their mother was asleep.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>To interrupt words: I knew where it was hidden, of course, but I wanted them to find it themselves.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>In quotations: Kingsnorth said, \u201cBut religions do not own the sacred.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>As part of dates, addresses, greetings and letters: The letter was postmarked Dec. 8, 1945.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Semicolons<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>semicolon<\/strong> tends to confuse even seasoned writers. Woods writes that one should use a semicolon to combine two closely related independent clauses. He notes that using a period to separate the clauses is technically correct but could make the idea seem disconnected. These sentences long to be together as they are related in topic. Join them with the semicolon. Using a comma would create a comma splice. Avoid this pitfall.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Incorrect: Be sure to wear clean, well-dressed clothes to the interview, appearances are important.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Correct: Be sure to wear clean, well-dressed clothes to the interview; appearances are important.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Correct but disconnected: Be sure to wear clean, well-dressed clothes to the interview. Appearances are important.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Colon<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>colon<\/strong> is another one that confuses new writers. It&#8217;s a punctuation mark used to indicate an introduction to something. It can be used to combine independent clauses or when using lists.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Linking independent clauses: I am hungry: Let\u2019s have lunch.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Introducing a list: I need to go to the grocery store to buy these items: milk, bread and eggs.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h3>Hyphens<\/h3>\n<p>News writers also must know about hyphens and their sibling, the dash. A <strong>hyphen<\/strong> is a piece of punctuation used to connect separate words or word parts that are intended to function as one, Woods writes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>News writers often use a hyphen when describing a source. For example, if I am writing about a 5-year-old boy, I need hyphens. But if I write that he is 5 years old, I don\u2019t. Same thing goes for when my mother-in-law is coming to town for a fun-filled visit. Typically, in journalism, the fewer hyphens, the better for reader clarity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Dashes or Em Dashes<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>A <strong>dash<\/strong> or em dash is a punctuation mark used to set off abrupt interruptions in a sentence. Woods writes that you can enclose text between two em dashes or use just one em dash. The em dash has few concrete rules, so you can use it without fear of making grammatical mistakes, according to Woods.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The mayor \u2013 who was elected last year \u2013 spoke at the news conference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 1.424em;font-weight: bold\">News Writing Style<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Now that we&#8217;ve reviewed grammar rules, we can focus on news writing style.<\/p>\n<p>First lesson: Forget what you learned in English class about essay writing. News writing is different in that you work harder to write less in a simple and straightforward manner.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>As a new journalist, you need people to read your stories, so the writing must be engaging, informative and easily understandable. This skill will serve you well in other walks of life as well. When you write, you need to communicate and convey information to readers. Your writing should help \u2013 not hinder \u2013 that goal. This textbook is written in a news writing style with the same goal in mind.<\/p>\n<h3>News Writing Tips<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Keep sentences short for maximum reader comprehension.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid wordy phrases or confusing punctuation.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Limit sentences to one idea.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid run-on sentences.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Use short paragraphs of one to two sentences.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid adding opinions to a story.\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Sneaky words like \u201cjust\u201d and \u201cunique\u201d add opinion where it does not belong.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">The reader should never be able to tell what you think about a news story. You are a neutral observer. Let your sources\u2019 voices stand alone.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Keep yourself out of a news story. Avoid the phrase \u201cI spoke to \u2026\u201d<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Avoid jargon. Translate difficult words or concepts into simple sentences.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Your news writing tone should be conversational; imagine you are telling the information to a friend.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Include examples of what you are writing about.\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">If your story is about cuts to a school budget, mention how many teachers would be fired so readers can understand the impact.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Choose your words carefully. Avoid trendy phrases or slang. Prune your sentence to keep the strongest, most effective words.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Write first and revise later.\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Get that first draft out of your mind and onto the page. News writing requires a lot of editing. There will be time for that later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Write in the active voice whenever possible.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Don\u2019t use exclamation points in journalism!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h3>Active Versus Passive Voice<\/h3>\n<p>Every sentence has either an active or passive voice. In the <strong>active voice<\/strong>, the subject is performing the action. For example: The student takes the pen. The subject is the student, and the action is taking the pen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>In the <strong>passive voice<\/strong>, the action\u2019s target goes first in the sentence. An example of passive voice: The pen is being taken by the student.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Typically, active voice is better for your sentences in college essays and journalism. The sentences have fewer words and stronger verbs. Starting your sentences with the subject is easier for the reader to digest.\u00a0 Sentences with passive voice are often wordier and more confusing. News writers should avoid using the passive voice as much as possible<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Associated Press Style<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>You might have learned MLA or APA style in your science and English classes. Forget those styles in journalism. They are not in this book and shouldn&#8217;t be in your news stories. We used something called Associated Press style. The Associated Press is a wire service that maintains the Associated Press Stylebook. The rules of this style are all about reader comprehension. The guide is designed to make your writing as clear as possible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Journalists and people working in other communications fields often either own a physical copy of the book or pay for access to the online version. When you are writing in news style, you will need to use this resource much like you might use a dictionary or MLA reference guide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>The stylebook is updated each year, so some things may change. But there are a few rules that every beginner should know about AP style. <span style=\"font-size: 1.266em;font-style: italic\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Abbreviations<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>AP style rules are designed to make the reader\u2019s life easier. One way to achieve that goal is to limit abbreviations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<p>AP style dictates that you should avoid using abbreviations whenever possible. If you are writing about a school club that has a long name, then include the full name of the club on first reference and refer to it as \u201cthe club\u201d in the rest of the story. Better yet, if you can describe what the club does, add that to subsequent references.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"Colorful children's wood letters are scattered on a wood floor.\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-1024x708.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-768x531.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-225x156.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o-350x242.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/12\/5018630383_9b1751cdb5_o.jpg 1114w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using abbreviations confuses readers.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>For example, Palomar College has a child care program called the Early Childhood Education Lab School, which the school abbreviates to ECELS. A reader will not know what that means, so AP style instructs you to use Early Childhood Education Lab School on first reference, then refer to it as the child care center or lab school for the remainder of the story.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Another way to remember this rule: When in doubt, write it out. Avoid abbreviations in general, but there are exceptions. Some abbreviations have become more common than the name itself. AP style says it&#8217;s OK to leave those as abbreviations without periods between each letter. Check the guide for specifics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Capitalization<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>In journalism, you only should capitalize proper nouns. For example, capitalize &#8220;English&#8221; but not &#8220;biology&#8221; because English is the formal name of the language. In some academic settings, you will find unnecessary capitalization to prove a point or give something more importance. Resist that urge in journalism. Notice that &#8220;journalism&#8221; is not capitalized unless it&#8217;s in a formal name, such as the course &#8220;Journalism 101: Introduction to News Writing.&#8221; If you are writing about your campus, capitalize the official name of your library. But if you refer to it in general terms, call it the campus library, using lower case letters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Degrees<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Since you are taking a college course, you might find yourself writing about academic degrees. I tell my students that you don&#8217;t need to mention a source\u2019s degree unless it&#8217;s relevant to what they&#8217;re talking about. For example, if you are writing about COVID-19, it&#8217;s important to include if a source has a medical degree, but not if they have a doctorate in French.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>If you do need to mention a degree, AP style rules require spelling out &#8220;bachelor\u2019s degree&#8221; and &#8220;master\u2019s degree&#8221; or capitalizing the formal name of the degree: Bachelor of Arts. Weird note: There is no possessive in the term &#8220;associate degree.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Sometimes it&#8217;s too hard to spell out all the degrees. In that case, you can use abbreviations like B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. after the full name only.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Dates<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>You will need to write dates in your news stories. If you are just writing the month, spell it out and capitalize it. If you are using the full date, you will abbreviate the months with more letters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h5>AP style for dates:<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">January 2012 or Jan. 24, 2012<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">February or Feb. 14, 2023<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">March 2005 or March 6, 2005<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">April or April 12, 2010<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">May 1999 or May 31, 2007<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">June or June 1, 1950<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">July or July 4, 2025<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">August 2000 or Aug. 21, 2004<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">September or Sept. 1, 3000<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">October or Oct. 31, 2024<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">November or Nov. 1, 1888<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">December or Dec. 31, 2099<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<h4>Time<\/h4>\n<p>Time is another element in which you want to keep it as simple as possible for your readers. Use numbers except for midnight or noon for reader clarity. For example, I have a meeting at 7 a.m. and another one at 9:30 p.m.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>States<\/h4>\n<div>\n<p>The rule for dealing with states in news writing is to spell out the state except for when it is paired with a city. When it is paired with a city, you should abbreviate the state name if it has a certain number of letters.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I was born in Utah but raised in San Diego, Calif.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I traveled to Boise, Idaho before heading to Missoula, Mont.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<header class=\"textbox__header\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">The AP Stylebook features a list of abbreviations based on the state name. You always should check that list when using states in news writing.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Addresses<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>If you include an address in your news writing, you must abbreviate parts of it. AP style says to abbreviate words such as &#8220;avenue,&#8221; &#8220;street&#8221; and &#8220;boulevard&#8221; as part of an address (for example, someone who lives at 123 Main St. or 456 Elm Ave.). If you are writing about Escondido Avenue without a specific address, spell it out.\u00a0 Words such as &#8220;drive,&#8221; &#8220;road&#8221; and &#8220;terrace&#8221; are always spelled out, even in an address. Addresses are another place to check with the AP Stylebook while working on a story.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Title and Compositions<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Whenever you refer to someone in a news story, you need to give them some sort of title to let the reader know a little about them. Whether it&#8217;s a student, president or clown, a title is necessary. AP style requires that you identify your source when you name them. For example: President Biden held a press conference where student Jane Doe reported.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Title rule: Capitalize any formal title before a person\u2019s name. Use lowercase on all titles after the name. Lowercase informal titles or when any title is not used with a name.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Professor Erin Hiro wrote this book.<\/em><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>Erin Hiro, a San Marcos resident, spoke to the students.<\/em><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><em>The clown entertained the guests.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">There are different title rules for government organizations as well as the U.S. military. Check your style guide when using those. If you have a source with a long formal title, it&#8217;s best to put the title after the name with a comma.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<p>When writing about the title of a film, book or album, capitalize the title and put it into quotation marks. Do not use quotations for the name of a publication itself, just the article, such as the Los Angeles Times published an article titled \u201cJournalism students win awards.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h4>Numbers<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Journalism style for numbers is always the trickiest for students. the g<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">eneral numbers rule for AP Style: Spell out numbers less than nine and use numerals for 10 and greater. <\/span>Exceptions: age, sports, measurements, money.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Let\u2019s begin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h5><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Age and AP Style<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Disregard the numbers rule and always use numerals for ages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em> The boy was 5 years old. The woman, 31, won an award.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5>Sports<\/h5>\n<div>\n<p>Writing about sports is another area where you often ignore the numbers rule. You will use numerals for scores, ratios and measurements.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The Padres won 4-1.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The basketball player was 6 foot, 2 inches tall.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>There are 2-to-1 odds that the team will advance to the playoffs.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h5><span style=\"font-size: 1.125em\">Money and Percentages<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Use numbers for money and include the dollar sign.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The student paid $4 for a cup of coffee and has a $40,000 car.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<p>Also use numerals when dealing in percentages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div>\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I earned 95 percent on my test.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Note: AP style also allows for using the percent sign, as in &#8220;I bought this shirt at 30% off.&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1.125em\">Numbers Are Bad<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_40\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-40\" style=\"width: 396px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-40\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/09\/5819637652_3779bda2ba_o-300x100.png\" alt=\"A typed math equation has the letter y on one side of an equal sign and a fraction on the other. The bottom of the fraction reads X+1. The top of the fraction reads, &quot;I just don't care.&quot;\" width=\"396\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/09\/5819637652_3779bda2ba_o-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/09\/5819637652_3779bda2ba_o-65x22.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/09\/5819637652_3779bda2ba_o-225x75.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/09\/5819637652_3779bda2ba_o-350x117.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/09\/5819637652_3779bda2ba_o.png 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-40\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Readers tend to avoid math in news stories.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The last numbers rule I tell my students is that you should assume your reader does not like math. Use as few numbers as possible in your writing. Numbers can be confusing. Round any big numbers and try to explain what the numbers mean instead.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>For example, if you&#8217;re doing a story about money, don\u2019t give me a lot of sums. Use one or two numbers and then explain how the money will impact readers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The budget took a $2 million hit, which means the city must halt all road improvements for the next year.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Other AP Style Tidbits<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Mary Sterenberg, author of the book \u201cWrite Like a PR Pro,\u201d notes some other common style rules to know when writing news stories.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">More than, over: Use &#8220;more than&#8221; with numbers and &#8220;over&#8221; with spatial elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em> The college has more than 100 faculty members. The cat jumped over the bed.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Because, since: Use &#8220;because&#8221; to denote a specific cause-effect relationship. &#8220;Since&#8221; is used when the first event leads logically to the second. It also can be used for time elements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I went because I was told. He went to the movies since he had tickets.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Toward\/towards: &#8220;Toward&#8221; doesn\u2019t end in an &#8220;s.&#8221; Neither does forward, backward, upward, downward, etc.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">That, which: Use &#8220;that&#8221; for essential clauses that impact a sentence&#8217;s meaning and &#8220;which&#8221; for nonessential clauses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Give me the pen, which is on the desk. (There might be others on the floor.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Give me the pen that is on the desk. (There is only one pen, so the information about its location is not crucial, but nice to have.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Farther, further:\u00a0&#8220;Farther&#8221; refers to physical distance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><em>Example: <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I ran farther than you. I am further along in the television series.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Sterenberg also writes about the AP Stylebook&#8217;s chapter on \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ap.org\/press-releases\/new-ap-stylebook-includes-300-new-or-revised-entries-inclusive-storytelling-chapter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inclusive storytelling<\/a>.\u201d She writes that the section emphasizes:<span style=\"background-color: #eeeeee;font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\">\u201cGiving voice and visibility to those who have been missing\/misrepresented<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Showing sensitivity about certain words\/phrases<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Expanding beyond usual sources and story ideas<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Including necessary context and background<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Striving to recognize and overcome unconscious biases<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Using thoughtful and precise language\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Though your word processing program will catch common mistakes, there&#8217;s still a need for impeccable technique in news writing. Review the rules for sentence structure and punctuation before you write or while you edit.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\">News writing is different than what you learned in English class. Write less and use a simple and straightforward manner.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Writing with an active voice is better in news writing than passive voice. Active voice uses fewer words and stronger verbs.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Journalism uses a set of writing rules called Associated Press style, which can be found in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apstylebook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press Stylebook<\/a>. The rules are designed for maximum reader comprehension.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\">General numbers rule for AP style: Spell out numbers less than nine and use numerals for 10 and greater. Exceptions: age, sports, measurements, money<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Exercise<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Visit the website of nonprofit investigative news organization Voice of San Diego (voiceofsandiego.org)<\/li>\n<li>Find a news story from that excellent, free news source and copy and paste it into a word processing program of your choice.<\/li>\n<li>Read the article and circle the AP style rules used in the text.<\/li>\n<li>How many did you find?<\/li>\n<li>Are there any style choices that are different than AP style?<\/li>\n<li>Can you find any grammatical errors or other mistakes?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-41","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":22,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41\/revisions\/42"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/22"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/41\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=41"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=41"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.palomar.edu\/introtojournalism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=41"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}